How can an instructor ensure that copyright has not been infringed when duplicating materials?

Obtaining written permission from the publisher is the most reliable way for an instructor to ensure that copyright has not been infringed when duplicating materials. Copyright law grants exclusive rights to the creators of original works, meaning they control how those works can be used, reproduced, or distributed. By acquiring written permission, an instructor secures the legal right to use the material in a specific manner, which clearly outlines how the materials can be duplicated and avoids potential legal issues associated with unauthorized use.

While providing a citation, giving credit to the source, or ensuring materials are publicly available can all be good practices in respectful use and acknowledgment of others' works, they do not guarantee legal protection against copyright infringement. Citations and credits do not grant permission to duplicate materials, and publicly available materials may still be subject to specific usage restrictions. Hence, obtaining permission remains the most effective and secure method to safeguard against copyright violations.